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BM101 HUMAN ANATOMY (3+1)

Introduction and description of terms : Anatomy and its branches; Anatomical positions; Anatomical planes; Anatomical topography; Relative “Positional” terms; “motional” terms.

Lower Extremity : Bones (pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula foot bones); Thigh muscles (anterior, posterior) (Names, structure, insertion, origin, function); Function of ligaments tendons, bursae, reticulae, capsules, arteries, veins, lymphatics.

Upper Extremity : Bones (shoulder girdle, humerus, radius, ulna, wrist bones); Arm, shoulder muscles (including trapezius, latissimus).

Thorax - Thoracic Viscera : Suface anatomy; bones surface musculature; lungs; heart; back / soinal cord/nervous systems.

Anatomy of Head and Neck:

Abdomen : Organs ( gut, pancreas, spleen kidneys, bladder, reproductive organs in male/female). (Learn location, shapes, and function).

BM102 BIOCHEMISTRY (3 + 1)

Physio Chemical Phenomena of Importance in Biochemistry : Colloidal state; buffer; pH; significance of pH Handerson Hasalblach equation; surface tension; viscosity; osmosis; diffusion; concept of chromatographic techniques (TLC, paper chromatography, GLC column chromatography, etc.).

Chemistry and Metabolism of Carbohydrates : Classification: mono-saccharides, disaccharides, poly-saccharides; carbohydrates derivatives; optical activity; cynhyctrin synthesis; polacimetry; glycogenesis; gluconeogenesis; glycolysis; tricarboxylic acid cycle; hexose monophosphate shunt; Effect of hormones on carbohydrate metabolism.

Chemistry and Metabolism of Lipids.
Chemistry and Metabolism of Protein.
Vitamins.
Hormones.
Enzymes.

BM103 ENGINEERING MECHANICS (3+1)

Statics : General principles of Statics, laws of triangle, Parallelogram and polygon forces, Equilibrium of rigid body, Free body Diagrams. Methods of Joints and section for force analysis. Sheer force and bending moments. Application of these forces with analysis in human body.

Dynamics : Rectilinear and curvilinear motion, Simple harmonic motion, Simple and multiple degrees of freedom, Kinematics. Application of these motions in human body and Bio-medical machines.

Thermodynamics : Work, Energy and Power, thermal efficiency and heat, Carnot cycle, Stirling cycle, Reversible Process and cycles, Thermodynamic equilibrium, Heat transfer, Radiation. Application of cycles, Heat Transfer & Radiation in Bio-medical equipment.

BM111 BIOPHYSICS (3 + 1)

Sound, Hearing and Echolocation, Ultrasound. Optics of Vision; Quantum Nature of Vision. Biophysics of Neural Spike. Information theory and Memory; Nervous system.

Conformational analysis and forces that determine protein and nucleic acid structure.

Radiation and Radiobiology: Interaction of radiation with matter, Biological effects of radiation, radiobiological effects of radiation, medical imaging using radio-isotopes.

Origin of Biopotentials, electrocardiograms and electric shocks : Fundamental laws for current in biological tissues, Biopotentials in hearts, electrocardiogram, Action potentials in nervous system.

Bioenergatics: Thermodynamics principles : First law (energy, enthalpy), Second law of Thermodynamics. Free energy, chemical equilibrium. Thermodynamics of phosphate compounds (phosphoryl transfer reactions), role of ATP for biological energy transfer, thermodynamics of life.

BM112 INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONICS (3 + 1)

Introduction to Electronics : Its importance in BME. Atomic Theory and Semiconductor Principles. Bohr’s Model, Electron Orbit and Energy, Electron Energy in Solids: Energy Bands, Conductor, Insulator and Semiconductor, covalent Bonding in Semiconductors, types of Semiconductor. Intrinsic Semiconductor, Extrinsic Semiconductor, p-type and n-type Extrinsic Semiconductor, Two Types of Current flow.

Semiconductor Diodes : pn junction Diode, Schematic Symbol, Biasing of a Diode, Unbiased Diode, Forward Bias Diode, Reverse Bias Diode, Diode curve, Forward Region, Reverse Region, Diode Approximation, First Approximation (The ideal Diode), Second Approximation, Third Approximation, Selecting an Approximation, Diode Resistances: Bulk Resistance, Dynamic Resistance, Diode Load Line.

Special Purpose Diodes : Zener Diodes, Avalanche Diodes, Schottky Diodes, Varactor Diodes, Power Diodes, Tunnel Diodes, Photo Diode, Photo Conductive Cell, Light Emitting Diodes, Solar Cell.

Diode Application : Diode Clipper, Diode Clamper, Half Wave Rectifier, Full Wave Rectifier, Bridge Rectifier, Capacitor input Filter, Zener Regulator, Calculating other Quantities, Peak-to-peak Detector.

Bipolar Junction Transistor : Introduction, Transistor Construction, Types of Transistor, Unbiased Transistor, Biased Transistor, Transistor Biasing Configurations, Common Emitter, Common Base, Common Collector, Transistor Approximations.

Transistor Operation : Load Line and Operating Point, Transistor Saturation, Transistor Biasing, voltage-divider Bias (VDB), VDB Analysis, VDB Load Line and Q-Point, Two Supply Emitter Bias, Emitter Feedback Bias, Collector Feedback Bias.

Transistor Amplifier Principles : Introduction, Reproduction and Amplification, Bias and Signal Components, Voltage, Current and Power Gains, Voltage Amplifier Representation, Amplifier Analysis Procedure, Coupling Capacitor, Cascaded Amplifiers.

BM105 BIOMEDICAL COMPUTING (3+1)

The logical principles of programming, language semantic foundations and the key role of data abstraction, control and state of language, categories of programming languages, languages building blocks, loop structures and their implementations, decision making control structures, functions and their types, arrays and strings, pointers and their arithmetic, structures and union, graphic functions, advanced variables and project making, files and their control. Relation of low level languages programming used in Bio-medical Equipment. With languages like “C” & Basic, COmputer based patient records & diagnosis.

BM201 PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES - 1 (3+1)

Introduction to Physiology : The Cell and General Physiology: Functional organization of human body and control of the internal environment: the Cell and its function, protein synthesis and cell reproduction: Metabolism of carbohydrates and formation of ATP: Lipid and Protein Metabolism: transport through the Cell membrane.

Human physiology from a system’s view point : Quantitative issues at the organ and whole body levels of:

a) Cardiovascular
b) respiratory
c) renal and
d) digestive systems.

Nerve, and Muscle : Membrane potential, Action potential, Excitation and Rhythmicity. contraction of Skeletal and cardiac muscles, Sliding filament Mechanism, Heart as a pump.

Sensory Systems:

1. Sensory Receptors: Classification and basic mechanism of action.

2. Somatic Sensations : Mechanoreceptive sensations, pain, thermal and visceral pain, headache.

3. Special Senses: the Eye: Optics of vision, receptor function of the retina, Neurophysiology of Vision: the Chemical Sense-taste and smell.

BM202 BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONICS-1 (3+1)

Field Effect Transistors : Construction & Characteristics of JFETs, Depletion & Enhancement type MOSFETs, VMOS & CMOS.

FET Biasing Techniques : Fixed Bias & Self Bias Configuration, Votlage Divider Biasing, Universal JFET Bias Curve.

BJT Small Signal Analysis : CE Emitter Bias Configuration, Collector Feedback Configuration, Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuits, Complete Hybrid Equivalent Model.

FET Small Signal Analysis : FET Small Signal Model, AC Equivalent Circuits, Source Follower & Common gate Circuits, Design of JFET Amplifier Circuits.

Discrete Components & IC Manufacturing Techniques : Discrete Diodes, Transistor Fabrication, Integrated Circuits, Monolithic Integrated Circuits, Monolithic Circuit Elements, Masks, Thin & Thick-Film Integrated Circuits, Hybrid Integrated Circuits. BIO ELECTRIC PHENOMENA :

BM203 BIO MECHANICS (3 + 1)

Fluid Mechanics : Joint - articulation surface motion, Geometry of the Articulating surface

LUBRICATION : Hydrodynamics lubrication theories, Transition from hydrodynamics to boundary lubrication, Theory on the lubrication of natural and normal synovial joint. Stress analysis of simple elements application to musculoskeletal system.

Mathematical Models of Human response to Acceleration : Articulated Total - Body Model, MADYMO Model, DRISIM / PASSIM Model cochlear and Vestibular Mechanics.

BM211 PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES - II (3+1)

The Nervous System : Organization of Nervous System, Basic functions of synapses ; Neuronal Mechanism and circuits for processing information.

Motor Functions of the spinal cord and the cord reflexes; the cerebral cortex and intellectual functions of the Brain. Motor function of the Brain stem, Vestibular control of postural reflexes, Cerebrum, and basal ganglia, reticular formation.

Behavioral functions of the Brain : the Limbic System, role of the Hypothalamus, and control of the vegetative functions of the body; the Autonomic nervous system; the Adrenal Medulla. Electrical Activity from Brain: Activation of the Brain - the wakefulness and sleep.

Endocrinology and Reproduction : Introduction to Endocrinology and the pitituary Hormones; Hormonal functions in male and female.

BM212 BIO-MEDICAL ELECTRONICS II (3 + 1)

Fundamentals of Ideal Operational Amplifier; Op-Amps with Negative Feedback; Current to Voltage Conversion; Voltage to Current Conversion; Differentiator & Integrator; Single supply biasing & Norton amplifiers; Audio Op-Amp: Devices & Applications; Voltage & Current Regulators; Precision Rectifiers; peak detector; Comparators; Clampers; Sample & Hold circuit; Logarithmic & Antilogarithmic amplifiers; Active Filters; Analog to Digital & Digital to Analog Conversion; Phase Lock Loop. Electrodes in BME. Filtering of BM signals (in reference to OP-amp). CMRR.

BM213 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG. (3 + 1)

Boolean Algebra : Boolean Algebra & Logic Gates, Boolean Functions Canonical & Standard Forms, Digital Logic Gates.

Digital Logic Families in Biomedical Equipment : RTL & DTL Circuits, integrated Injection Logic, Transistor-Transistor Logic, Emitter Coupled Logic, MOS & CMOS.

Simpilification of Boolean Function : Map Method, NAND & NOR Implementation, Don’t Care Conditions, the Tabulation Method.

Combinational Logic related to Biomedical Equipment : Design procedure, adders, subtractors, code conversion analysis procedure, multilevel NAND & NOR circuits, exclusive - OR & equivalence functions. Binary parallel adder, decimal adders, magnitude comparator, decoder, multiplexer, programmable logic array frequently used in Biomedical equipment.

BM214 APPLICATION OF DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG. (3+1)

Sequential Logic Circuits : Flip flop, triggering of flip-flop, state reduction & assignment, design procedure, design of counters, design of state condition.

Registers, Counters and the Memory Unit : Inter-register transfer, shift registers, conditional control statements, overflow, decimal & floating point data, non decimal data, Modulus N counters, memories, ROM EPROM, PROM, and RAM, dynamic RAM.

Introduction to Microprocessors : SAP -1, SAP-2, SAP-3 Architecture, instruction set & programming of SAP processors, idea of microprogramming. Digital circuits used in Biomedical equipment.

BM301 APPLICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG. (3+1)

Brief History of 8/16-Bit Micro Processors : 8086/8088 processors, architecture, software model, hardware model, memory & 8088 processor.

Programming model of 8088 : Data formats, instruction set of 8088, addressing modes, data movement instructions, arithmetic & logic instructions, program control instructions.

8088 Hardware Specifications : Pinouts & pin functions, clock generator (8284A), bus buffering & latching, bus timing, minimim mode versus maximum mode.

Interfacing Techniques : Memory interfaces, basis I/O interface, programmable keyboard/ display controller 8279, programmable interval counter 8254, serial interface of 8088, UART 8250 USART 8251, RS 232C interface, interrupt structure.

BM302 BIO-MEDICAL ELECTRONICS - III (3+1)

Application of electronics used in medical equipment for energy conversion & control, characteristics of power semiconductor devices, Phase controlled rectifier/Inverter circuits, step down & step up choppers. Two quadrant chopper, DC Link Inverter, single phase cycloconverter, three phase cycloconverter, thyristor controlled V A R Controllers, speed control of D.C & A.C motor. Biomedical Drive; D.C Drives, A.C Drives stepper motor Drive; Biomedical transducers. Position, Speed, Temperature, light & Pressure transducers. Programmable logic controller. Definition of a PLC. I/O interfaces, memory processor, programming languages and device application in Biomedical Engineering.

BM303 FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS (3+1)

Introduction : Feedback Concept & Modeling, Control System Terminology, Translational & Rotational Mechanical Components, Analogies, Block Diagram Reduction.

Feed back in Biological Systems : Its importance. Regulation of body fluids. Temperature regulation. Comparison of reflexes with feedback.

Stability Analysis : Transfer Function & Stability Analysis : Transfer Function & Stability, Stability Testing, Routh Hurwitz Criterion.

Root Locus : Root Locus Analysis, Pole Zero Plots, Root Locus Calibration, Root Locus Design, and unstable high performance Aircraft, Control, of a Flexible Spacecraft.

Digital Control : Analog To Digital, Ditgital to Analog Conversion, Sample & Hold, Discrete Time Signal, Z-Transforms, Sampling, Reconstruction of Signals from Samples, Direct Digital Control.

BM304 BIOMEDICAL STATISTICS (4+0)

Probability and distributions. Estimation and hypothesis testing. Associations between disease and risk factors Linear models; analysis of variance, simple and multiple regression, discriminant analysis. Distribution - free - methods. Analysis of survival data. Experiment design.

BM308 BIOINSTRUMENTATION-1 (3+1)

Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation, Development of Biomedical Instrumentation, Problems encountered in measuring living systems.

Cardiovascular Measurement : Electro-Cardiography, Measurement of Blood pressure, Blood flow and Cardiac output

PATIENT CARE AND MONITORING : Diagnosis, Calibration, and repairability of patient monitoring equipment, Pacemakers and Defibrillators.

MEASUREMENT IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM : Gas Exchange and distribution, Respiratory therapy equipment.

NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTATION
Temp: measurement, principles of Ultrasonic measurement.

BIOTELEMETRY

Physiological parameters, Adaptable to biotelemetry, Components of biotelemetry system, Implantable units.

X-RAY AND RADIOISOTOPE INSTRUMENTATION

Generation of Ionization radiation, Instrumentation for diagnostic X-rays, Instrumentation for the Medical use of Radio-Isotopes, Radiation Therapy.


Note: Concept of each equipment will cover following points.

a) Principle of its operation
b) Building blocks of circuits involved in each equipment/system
c) Techniques involved in each equipment/system
d) Knowledge of selection/Inspection/Installation/Commissioning/Trouble shooting/ Repair and maintenance of each equipment/system.

BM309 APPLICATION OF FILTER DESIGN IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG. (3+1)

Filter circuit Concepts, Advantages of active over passive filters, Basic filter theory, Filter types, The Butterworth approximation, The Chebychev approximation, Biquadratic filter circuits, Passive filter circuit design, The design of doubly terminated L-C filters, Gyrator based filter circuits, Sensitivity, Switched Capacitor Filters. Application of Band filters for noise reduction, Band Pass filters for low frequencies used in Bio-medical equipment.

BM311 CIRCULATORY CONTROL IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG. (3+1)

Heart : General discussion of Circulatory System, Circulating body fluids, Anatomy of the Heart, Heart as a Pump, Cardiac Geometry and Structure, Cardiac Pump function, Myocardial material properties, Ventricular mechanics, Mechanics of the Heart Valves, Pathology of Heart

Dynamics of Blood & Lymph Flow : General discussion of the Vessels Biophysical consideration of Blood, Methods and equipment for measuring blood pressure, Arterial circulation, Capillary circulation, Venous circulation, Lymphatic circulation, Transport of O2 and CO2, Transport of solutes and H2O, Mechanics and deformability of Hematocytes, Pathology of Blood and Vessels, Basic Concepts of tissue/Lymphatic transport, Clinical disorder of tissue Lymphatic transport

Control and Regulation of the Circulation:

Introduction : Local regulatory Mechanisms, Systemic Regulation by Hormones, Systemic Regulation by the Nervous System; Control of Intracellular Fluid; Control of Extracellular Fuild; Pathology of Extracellular Fluid; Overview of Haemodialysis; Machine and Artificial Heart.

BIOPHOTONICS (3+1)

Nature and properties of light. Optical fiber, Semiconductor light Sources, Light emission in semiconductors, light emitting diodes (LED) and types of LEDs; Lasing conditions in semiconductors, semiconductor laser diodes (SLD), types of semiconductor laser diodes, Lasers and Classification of lasers: Gas, solid and liquid semiconductor, continuous wave lasers (CW) & pulsed laser. Medical application of lasers; Laser-tissue interaction: thermal effect, photochemical effect, mechanical effect, electromagnetic effect. Lasers in dermatology, ophthalmology, oncology and other medical disciplines.

BM319 SEMINARS ON BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING (0+1)

Discussion on current topics in Biomedical Engineering and related fields. (Reference: Journals, magazines, Internship reports, leaflets, etc.) (Class to be divided into 4 or 5 groups. One group to be active participant each week.)

BM401 BIOMATERIALS (3+1)

Biomaterials Science and their review, Hard Tissues, Hard Tissues Pathologies, Orthopaedic prostheses, Properties of Natural Tissue Replacements, Bioploymers (i) 3D structure of Bioploymers by Bio x-ray diffraction (ii) Biomedical application of chitosan/ other Bioploymers, Structure property relationships,Metal Dental Implants, Bioceramics and Composites, Biocompatibility I-Immune System Response, Biocompatibility IICorrosion, Biocompatibility IIIDeterioration of Non-metallic materials, Bio compatibility IV- Mechanical Factors, Testing of Biomaterials ,Joint replacements,Fracture Fixation, Soft Tissue Implants, vascular Implants, Tissue Engineering, Gene Therapy using viral vectors, Materials of Scaffolding.

BM402 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEM ( 3+1)

Topics :

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Fundamental Concepts
Imaging Principles
Magnetic Resonance Equipment and Images

ONCOLOGY
Fundamental Concepts, Equipment

INTRODUCTION TO OPTHALMOLOGY
Fundamental concepts
Application, Equipment

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL LASER
Fundamental concepts, Limitations
Application in various Medical field

RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING
Fundamental Concepts
Generation of X-ray, Image intensifier, Image noise, Radio graphic film and quality Computed Radiography
Computed Tomography introduction

MEDICAL INFORMATICS
Hospital information systems
Computer based patient records
Computer networks in healthcare
Design issues in developing clinical decision support and monitoring systems

GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Information about Medical gases and Vaccum system
Study of Anesthesia equipment

CONCEPT OF DENTAL SYSTEM

RELATED EQUIPMENT

• MRI
• MEDICAL INFORMATIONS P.C. BASED
• GENERAL ANESTHESIA
• OPTHALMOLOGY
• MEDICAL LASER
• DENTAL EQUIPMENTS
• GAMMA CAMERA
• OPERATION THEATRE
• OTHER DEPARTMENTS SUCH AS: UROLOGY, ENT, ORTHOPAEDIC, PAEDIATRIC, ENT, GYNAECOLOGY AND PHYSIOTHERAPY AND REHABILITATION.

Note : Concept of each equipment will cover following points:

a) Principle of its operation.

b) Building blocks of circuits involved in each equipment/system.

c) Techniques involved in each equipment/system.

d) Knowledge of selection/Inspection/Installation/Commissioning Trouble shooting/ repair and maintenance of each equipment/system.

BM403 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (3+1)

Discrete time signals & systems:
Z-transform;
discrete time network; Discrete Fourier transform; Fast Fourier Transform;
Impulse; filter design techniques for IIR and FIR filters;
Application to RADAR;
Digital Signal Processor (DSP); DSP based systems; DSP hardware & DSP device (with special reference to TMS or any other popular family);
Digital Image Processing;
Noise in communication systems,
Biomedical signal analysis.

BM404MEDICAL IMAGING (3+1)

Fundamentals of producting a Medical image, image collection techniques, image reconstruction algorithms detailed examination of four main areas of medical imaging: Nuclear Medicine, Ultrasound, Diagnostic radiology, Magnetic Resonance Imagine, Clinical application of each area.

BM411 HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT (3+1)

Health care Delivery Systems. Hospital Organizational Structure. Economics of Health care Codes, Standards and Regulations. Hospital information flow and Handling. Safety Programs, Equipment Acquisition, Equipment Control program, Preventive maintenance and repair Facilities, Educational responsibilities.

Management and Supervision, Legal, Professional and Ethical Aspects, Resources, Duties & functions of administrative (medical & para-medical ) staff. Hospital Planning. Knowledge of various Hospital services (support services equipment) viz Electrical appliance, CSSD Safety, A.C Plant, Audio & Visual & lifts) covering aspects of Planning, designing, installing, Commissioning & maintenance.

BM413 INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL NETWORKS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGG. (3+1)

Prerequisite by Topics : Concepts of Physiology, discrete mathematics, probability.

Topics :
1. Basic Neuroscience
2.Introduction to neural networks and fuzzy systems
3. Mathematical fundamentals of Graph Theory
4. Neuron dynamics activation models
5. Unsupervised & supervised learning
6. Feed forward & feedback networks
7. Mapping networks
8. Introduction to Adaptive fuzzy systems
9. Application of neural networks in biomedical Engg.

BM418 BIO INSTRUMENTATION-II (3+1)

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

METHODS OF SEPERATING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MACROMOLECULES

U.V & VISIBLE ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

FLOUROMETRIC AND PHOSPHOROMETRIC METHODS

FLAMEPHOTOMETRY

SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

ELECTROPHORESIS

CHROMOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS

STUDY OF DIFFERENT BLOOD COMPONENTS THROUGH AUTOMATIC CELL-COUNTER

BLOOD BANKING AND TRANSFUSION SERVICE AUTOMATION CIRCULAR DICHROISM

Concept of each equipment will cover following points:

a) Principle and biomedical applications.

b) Building blocks of circuit involved in each equipment /system.

c) Knowledge of selection/inspection/Installation/Commissioning/trouble shooting/Repair, maintenance and calibration of each equipment/system.

BM419 APPLICATION OF ROBOTICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGG. (3+1)

The elements of an industrial robot, Mechanisms and robot configurations ; Wrists, grippers and mobility: Actuating systems: Modeling and control: Feed back components; Computer control; External sensing and intelligence: Robot applications: Safety and social factors. Application of Robotics in healthcare, PLC-Biomedical oriented.

BM499 PROJECT (0+6)

To give the students a chance for enhancing their technical capabilities by implementing theoretical & practical knowledge in the field of Research & development (for semester VII & VIII).

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