The Physical Foundation of Electric Circuits : Structure of Matter, Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors, Electric Current, Electromotive Force (Voltage), Resistance, Conventional Current, DC and AC, Ohm’s Law, Work, Energy, and Power, Conductance, Efficiency, Real and Ideal Sources.

Circuit Analysis - Resistive Network : Kirchoff’s Voltage and Current Laws, The Voltage-Divider Rule, the Current-Divider Rule, Series and Parallel Connected Sources, Wye-Delta Transformations, Balanced Bridges, voltage and Current Source Conversions, Mesh Analysis, Nodal Analysis.

Network Theorems : The Superposition Theorem, Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton’s Theorem, Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

Capacitance and Capacitors : The Nature of Capacitance, Capacitor Dimensions and Dielectrics, Capacitor Types and Ratings, Transients in RC Networks, Energy Stored in a Capacitor.

Inductance and Inductors : Electromagnetic Induction, Lenz’s law, Faraday’s law, Transformer Action, Self Inductance, Inductors, Transients in RL Circuits, Energy Stored in an Inductor.

Alternating Current Fundamentals : AC Wave-form, Period and Frequency, Radians and Angular Frequency, Peak and Instantaneous values, Average and Effective values, AC voltage and current in Capacitors and Inductors, Average Power.

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Introduction to Electronics : Atomic Theory and Semiconductor Principles. Bohr’s Model, Electron Orbit and Energy, Electron Energy in Solids: Energy Bonds, Conductor, Insulator and Semiconductor, Covalent Bonding in Semiconductors, types of Semiconductor, Intrinsic Semiconductor, Extrinsic Semiconductor, p-type and n - type Extrinsic Semiconductor, Two Types of Current flow.

Semiconductor Diodes : Pn-junction Diode, Schematic Symbol, Biasing of a Diode, Unbiased Diode, Forward Biased Diode, Reverse Biased Diode, Diode curve, Forward Region, Reverse Region, Diode Approximations: First Approximation (The Ideal Diode), Second Approximation, Third Approximation, Selecting an Approximation, Diode Resistances: Bulk Resistance, Dynamic Resistance, Diode Load Line.

Special Purpose Diodes : Zener Diodes, Avalanche Diodes, Schottky Diodes, Varactor Diodes, Power Diodes, Tunnel Diodes, Photo Diode, Photo Conductive Cell, Light Emitting Diodes, Solar Cell.

Diode Applications : Diode Clipper, Diode Clamper, Half Wave Rectifier, Full Wave Rectifier, Bridge Rectifier, Capacitor Input Filter, Zener Regulator, Calculating other quantities, Peak-to-peak Detector.

Bipolar Junction Transistor : Introduction, Transistor Construction, Types of Transistor, Unbiased Transistor, Biased Transistor, Transistor Biasing Configurations, Common Emitter, Common Base, Common Collector, Transistor Approximations.

Transistor Operation : Load Line and Operating Point, Transistor Saturation, Transistor Biasing, Voltage-Divider Bias (VDB), VDB Analysis, VDB Load Line and Q Point, Two Supply Emitter Bias, Emitter Feedback Bias, Collector Feedback Bias.

Field Effect Transistors : Construction & Characteristics of JFETs, Depletion & Enhancement Type MOSFETs, VMOS & CMOS.

FET Biasing Techniques : Fixed Bias & Self Bias Configuration, Voltage Divider Biasing, Universal JFET Bias Curve.

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The RLC Circuit : The Source Free Series & Parallel RLC Circuit, the overdamped, underdamped, and critically damped RLC Circuits, the complete response of RLC Circuit, the Lossless LC Circuit.

The Phase Concept : The complex forcing functions, the Phase, Phase relationships for R, L & C, Impedance & Admittance.

The Sinusoidal Steady State Response : Nodal, Mesh & Loop analysis, AC source Transformation, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, reciprocity & compensation theorems, phasor diagrams.

Average Power & RMS Values : Instantaneous power & average power, apparent power & complex power, power factor & power factor improvement, power Triangle.

Polyphase Circuits : Difference between Single Phase & Three Phase, WYE & DELTA connected three phase sources, balanced & unbalanced WYE & DELTA loads, Power in balanced & unbalanced three phase loads, three phase loads & the two wattmeter method.

Complex Frequency : Introduction to complex frequency, damped sinusoidal forcing function, Z(s) & Y(s), frequency response as a function of s, Complex frequency plane, natural response & the S-Plane, Synthesizing the voltage ratio H(s) = Vout/Vin, Series, parallel & series parallel resonance, scaling & Bode diagrams.

General Two Port Networks : Introduction, admittance parameters, some equivalent networks, impedance and admittance parameters, hybrid parameters, transmission parameters.

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Direct-current circuits : Ohm’s law, Series circuits, Parallel circuits, Series parallel circuits, Voltage and Current sources, Source conversion, Concept of short circuit and open circuit, Kirchoff’s laws, Mesh analysis and Nodal analysis.

Circuit Transformations and Theorems : Star delta transformation, Superposition theorem, Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems, Maximum power transfer theorem.

Electromagnetic Induction : Relation between magnetism and electricity, Production of induced EMF and current, Factors effecting the amount of induced EMF, Faraday’s law of induction, Statistically induced EMF, Direction of induced EMF, Lenz’s law of induction, Self-Induced EMF, Inductance, Self Inductance (L), Mutual inductance, Coefficient of mutual inductance (M), Inductances in series and parallel, Working principle of a Transformer.

Capacitors : Capacitors, Capacitance, Parallel plate capacitors, Charging of a capacitor, Time constant, Discharging of a capacitor.

Direct-Current Machines : Generator principle. Types of generators, Self excited generators, Separately excited generators (Shunt wound, Series wound), EMF equation of a generator, Motor principle, Comparison of generator and motor, Significance of back EMF, Voltage equation of a motor, Condition of maximum power, Speed regulation, Losses and efficiency of a DC machine.

Alternating Current : Generation of an alternating EMF, Alternating current, cycle, Frequency, Time period, Amplitude, Phase, Phase difference, Root Mean Square (RMS) value, Average value, Crest or peak amplitude factor, Effective values of alternating current and EMF.

Poly Phase Systems : Three phase circuits and balanced loads.

Transformers and A.C. Machines : General principle, Working, Fundamental equations, Types, Efficiency and losses.

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The Physical Foundation of Electric Circuits : Structure of Matter, Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors, Electric Current, Electromotive Force (Voltage), Resistance, Conventional Current, DC and AC, Ohm’s Law, Work, Energy, and Power, Conductance, Efficiency, Real and Ideal Sources.

Circuit Analysis - Resistive Network : Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Laws, the Voltage-Divider Rule, the Current-Divider Rule, Series and Parallel Connected Sources, Wye-Delta Transformations, Balanced Bridges, Voltage and Current Source Conversions, Mesh Analysis, Nodal Analysis.

Network Theorems : The Superposition Theorem, Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton’s Theorem, Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

Capacitance and Capacitors : The Nature of Capacitance, Capacitor Dimensions and Dielectrics, Capacitor Types and Ratings, Transients in RC Networks, Energy Stored in a Capacitor.

Inductance and Inductors : Electromagnetic Induction, Lenz’s law, Faraday’s law, Transformer Action, Self Inductance, Inductors, Transients in RL Circuits, Energy Stored in an Inductor.

Alternating Current Fundamentals : AC Wave-form, Period and Frequency, Radians and Angular Frequency, Peak and Instantaneous values, Average and Effective values, AC voltage and current in Capacitors and Inductors, Average Power.

Introduction to Industrial , digital & solid state electronics.

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Introduction to Engineering Materials : Classification of Engineering materials and their properties, Metals and Alloys, Ceramics and Glasses, Polymer.

Light Metals : Copper, Silver, Aluminum, Properties, Electrical conductivity, Thermal conductivity, Uses of copper and silver.

Mechanical Properties of Material : Stress, Strain, Ductility, Toughness and Hardness.

Corrosion in Material : Principles of Corrosion, Mechanism of Oxidation, Protection against Corrosion.

Material for Electronics & Optoelectronics : Semi-Conducting Materials, Germanium, Silicon, Gallium Arsenide, Indium Phosphate, Cadmium & Tellurium.

Fabrication of Semi-conducting Materials : Refining of Semi-conducting materials up to purity 99.9999% (Zone refining), Phase Diagram, Crystal growth, Single crystal.

Dielectric Materials : Polarization, Temperature & Frequency effects, Electric breakdown in Polymers.

Materials for Integrated Circuit Packages : Introduction, Leadframe design and material, Die bonding and wire bonding.

Semi-Conduction Devices : LED, Transistor (PNP, NPN) Solar cell, FET.

EE110 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3+1)

History of Electronics, needs of Electronics, Semiconductor theory, Semi conductor diodes, Diode types, Zener diodes and Light Emitting diodes, Diode equivalent circuits, Diode approximation, Diode applications, Rectification and its types, Clippers and Clampers. Bi-polar Junction Transistor (BJT) : construction and operation, BJT amplifying action, BJT biasing configuration, Transistor switching networks, Troubleshooting techniques. Construction and Characteristics of Field Effect , Transistors (FET), Instrumentation, Types of FET biasing, COmbinational networks, Design and Troubleshooting of FET circuits.

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Transistors Modeling Techniques : Introduction, Reproduction and Amplification, Bias and Signal Components, Voltage Current and Power Gains, Voltage Amplifier Representation, Amplifier Analytical Procedure, Coupling Capacitor, Cascaded Amplifiers.

Hybrid Equivalent Model, Graphical Determination of h-parameters. Approximate h-parameters.

BJT Small Signal Analysis : CE Bias Configuration, Emitter Follower Configuration, CB Configuration, Collector Feedback Configuration, Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuits, Complete Hybrid Equivalent Model.

FET Small Signal Analysis : FET Small Signal Model, AC Equivalent Circuits, Source Follower & Common Gate Circuits, Design of JFET Amplifier Circuits.

Systems Approach : Effect of RS and RL, Combined Effects of RS and RL. FET Networks.

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Boolean Algebra : Boolean Algebra & Logic Gates, Boolean Functions, Canonical & Standard Forms, Digital Logic Gates.

Digital Logic Families : RTL & DTL Circuits, Integrated Injection Logic, Transistor-Transistor Logic, Emitter Coupled Logic, MOS & CMOS.

Simplification of Boolean Functions : Map Method, NAND & NOR Implementation, Don’t Care Conditions, the Tabulation Method.

Combinational Logic : Design procedure, adders, subtractors, code conversion, analysis procedure, multilevel NAND & NOR circuits, exclusive-OR & equivalence functions. Binary parallel adder, decimal adder, magnitude comparator, decoder, multiplexer, programmable logic array.

Sequential Logic Circuits : Flip flop, triggering of flip-flop, state reduction & assignment, design procedure, design of counters, design of state condition.

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Magnetically coupled Circuits : Mutual Inductance, Energy Considerations, the Linear & Ideal Transformers.

Fourier Analysis : Trigonometric Fourier Series, Complete Response to Periodic Forcing Functions, Complex Form of Fourier Series.

Fourier Transforms : Properties of Fourier Transform, Convolution & Circuit Response in Time Domain, the System Function & Response in Time Domain, the Physical Significance of the System Function.

Laplace Transform Techniques : Definition of Laplace Transform, Basic Theorems of Laplace Transforms, Time Shifting & Periodic Functions, Shifting, Differentiation, Integration, & Scaling in Frequency Domain, Initial Value & Final Value Theorems.

Circuit Analysis Techniques using PSPICE or other software.

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Transformers : Transformer, Practical Transformer. Referenced Equivalent Circuits. Voltage Regulation, Efficiency, Auto Transformer, Three Phase Transformer.

DC Machines : Evolution & Construction, DC Generators, Separately Excited DC Motor, Series Motor, Starter.

Speed Control : Ward-Leonard System, Solid State Control, Closed Loop Operation.

Induction Machines : Constructional Features, Three Modes of Operation (Motoring, Generating & Plugging), No-Load Test, Blocked Rotor Test, Performance Characteristics, Effects of Rotor Resistance.

Synchronous Machines : Synchronous Generator, Synchronous Motor, Power & Torque Characteristics, Power Factor Control.

Introduction to Single Phase AC motors.

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General Theory : Classification & performance Characteristics, Absolute & Secondary Instruments, Indicating, Recording & Integrating Instruments, Controlling, Balancing & Damping.

Ammeters & Voltmeters : Classification, Construction, Error & Working of Moving Coil & Dynamometer instruments.

Instrument Transformers : Theory, Construction & Characteristics of Current & Voltage Transformer, Extension of Instrument Ranges.

Power & Energy Meters : Wattmeters, & Energymeters, Power Measurement in Single Phase & Three Phase Circuits.

Electronic Instruments : Electronic Voltmeters, Digital Voltmeters & Multimeters, Counters, Frequency Meters Oscilloscopes.

Measurement of Non Electrical Quantities : Transducers, Measurement of Temperature, Pressure, Strain, Thermal Conductivity, Motion, Speed and Vibration.

Virtual and PC based instrumentations.

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Small Signal Transistor Amplifiers : Introduction, Revision of Basic Theory, BJT and FET frequency Response: General Frequency Considerations, Low Frequency Response, High Frequency Analysis. Cascaded Systems and Compound Configurations: Cascaded Connections, Coupling Mechanism, Cascade Connections, Darlington Connection, Feedback Amplifiers, Differential Amplifier, Current Mirror Circuits.

Large Signal Transistor Amplifiers or Power Amplifiers : Introduction, Classifications of Power Amplifiers: Class A Power Amplifier. Class B Power Amplifier, Crossover Distortion in Class B Amplifiers, Complementary Symmetry Amplifers. Quasi Complementary Symmetry Amplifiers, Class C and D Power Amplifiers, Power Transistor heat Sinking, Integrated Circuit Power Amplifiers.

Oscillators : General Consideration, Criteria for Oscillation, Basic Circuit Requirements, RF Oscillator Circuits: Hartley Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator, Tuned Collector Oscillator, Crystal Oscillators, Oscillator Characteristics, Crystal Oscillator Circuits. RC or Phase-shift Oscillators: Principle of Operation, Wien Bridge Oscillator.

Regulated Power Supplies : General Considerations, Capacitor Filter, RC Filter, Discrete Transistor Voltage Regulator, IC Voltage Regulators, Introduction to Switch Mode Power Supplies.

Waveform Generation and Shaping : Introduction, Multivibrator: Monostable, Bistable and Astable Multivibrators, Schmitt Trigger, Waveform Generators, Timing Circuits, Voltage Controlled Oscillator, Phase Lock Loop.

Use of Computer for Simulation and Analysis Purposes.

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The RLC Circuit : The Source Free Series & Parallel RLC Circuit, the overdamped, underdamped, and critically damped RLC Circuits, the complete response of RLC Circuit, the Lossless LC Circuit.

The Sinusoidal Steady State Response : Nodal, Mesh & loop analysis, AC source Transformation, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, reciprocity & compensation theorems.

Complex Frequency : Introduction to complex frequency, damped sinusoidal forcing function, Z(s) & Y(s), frequency response as a function of s, Complex frequency plane, natural response & the
S-Plane, Synthesizing the voltage ratio
H(s)=Vout Vin. Sealing & Bode Diagrams.

General Two Port Networks : Introduction, admittance parameters, some equivalent networks, impedance parameters, hybrid parameters, transmission parameters.

Fourier Analysis & Fourier Transforms : Trigonometric form of Fourier series, the use of symmetry, Complete Response to periodic Forcing Functions, Complex Form of Fourier Series. Definition of Fourier Transform, some properties of Fourier Transform, the Unit-Impulse Function, Fourier Transform of a General Periodic Time Function. Convolution & Circuit Response in the Time Domain, the system Function and Response in the Frequency Domain, the Physical significance of the system function.

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Digital computer and digital systems, binary number system, systems of arbitrary bases, binary logic, Boolean functions, digital logic gates, canonical and standard forms, simplification of Boolean functions, Karnaugh map method, prime-implicants, combinational logic, adders, subtractors, multilevel NAND/NOR circuits, combinational logic with MSI and SSI, programmable logic arrays, number systems and conversions, Flip-Flops.

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History of Electronics, needs of Electronics, Semiconductor theory, Semiconductor diodes, Diode types, Zener diodes and Light Emitting diodes, Diode equivalent circuits, Diode approximation, Diode applications, Rectification and its types, Clippers, Clampers, Bi-polar Junction Transistor (BJT) construction and operation, BJT amplifying action, BJT biasing configuration, Transistor switching networks, Troubleshooting techniques, Construction and Characteristics of Field Effect Transistors (FET), Instrumentation, Types of FET biasing, Combinational networks, Design and troubleshooting of FET circuits.

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Sequential logic, excitation tables, design of sequential circuits, registers, shift registers, ripple counters, synchronous counters, timing sequences, the memory unit, examples of RAM, register transfer logic, control statements, processor unit, control logic design.

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Introduction : Standard Definition used in Control System Classification of Control System (i.e. Open Loop & Closed Loop) Types of Feed Back Control System (with examples).
Feed Back Mathematical Modelling : State Concepts, State Equations in Matrix form, Methods of Writing differential equation, Electrical Circuits, Mechanical Translation and Rotational system, Analogous circuits, DC Servo Motor, AC Servo Motor,

Feed Back Mathematical Modelling: State Concepts, State Equations in Matrix form, Methods of Writing differential equation, Electrical Circuits, Mechanical Translation and Rotational system, Analogous circuits, DC Servo Motor, AC Servo Motor.

Transfer function, Block Diagram & Signal flow graph : Signal flow graph & signal flow Algebra, Block Diagram Reduction Techniques.

Block Diagram Representation : (using different control system).

Root Locus Analysis : Steady state response (Constant Error method, Error series method), Transient Response (Using Second order prototype control system (Time domain and frequency domain analysis)), Example of altitude control system of an Aircraft, Effect of addition of pole and zeros in control system, Dominant poles and relative damping factor.

Controllers : Proportional Controllers, Differential Controllers, Integral Controllers, PID Controllers.

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Operational Amplifier : Basics, Mathematical operations, Practical Considerations, Differentiators & Integrators, Single Supply biasing & Norton Amplifiers.

Integrated Circuits : Precision Rectifiers, Peak detectors, Comparators, Clampers, Sample & Hold Circuit, Digital to Analog and Analog to Digital converters, Oscillators and Integrated timers.

Filter Design : Filter response terminology; second order filter functions; low pass; high pass; band pass; notch; and all pass. Examples of passive filter circuits: low pass; high pass; band pass, notch, and all-pass Example for a band pass filter. Circuit for single amplifier biquad filters. Circuit sensitivity. Generalised impedance converter based biquads and integrator based biquads. Comparison of biquad realisations. Butterworth approximation, Chebychev approximation.

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Vector Analysis : Review of Scalars and Vectors, Vector Algebra, the Cartesian Co-ordinate System, Dot and Cross Products, Cylindrical Co-ordinate System, Spherical Coordinate System, Conversion of Co-ordinates and Vectors from one system to other.

Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity : Coulomb’s law, Electric Field Intensity, Field of n-point Charges, Field due to a Continuous Volume Charge Distribution, Field of a Line Charge, Field of a Sheet of Charge.

Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law and Divergence : Electric flux Density, Gauss’s Law and its Applications, Symmetrical Charge Distribution, Differential Volume Element, Divergence, Maxwell’s First Equation, Vector Operator and Divergence Theorem.

Energy and Potential : Energy Expended in Moving a Point Charge in an Electric Field, the Line Integral, Definition of Potential Difference and Potential, Potential Field of a Point Charge, Potential Field of a System of Charges, Conservative Property, Potential Gradient, the Dipole, Energy Density in the Electrostatic Field.

Conductors, Dielectrics and Capacitance : Current and Current Density, Continuity of Current, Metallic Conductors, Conductor Properties and Boundary Conditions, Semi-Conductors, the Nature of Dielectric Materials, Capacitance, Capacitance of Two-wire Lines.

Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations : Uniqueness Theorem, Examples of the Solutions of Poisson’s Equation. Product solution of Laplace’s Equation.

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Registers, Counters and the Memory Unit; Inter-register transfer, shift registers, conditional control statement, overflow, decimal & floating point data, non decimal data, Modulus N counters, memories, ROM, EPROM, PROM and RAM, dynamic RAM.

Introduction to Microprocessors : SAP-1, Architecture, instruction set & programming of SAP processors, idea of microprogramming.

Brief History of 8/16/32-Bit Microprocessors: 8086/8088 processor, architecture, software model, hardware model, memory & 8088 microprocessor.

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Brief History of 8-/16- Bit Micro Processors : 8086/8088 processors, architecture, software model, hardware model, memory & 8088 processor.

Programming Model of 8088 : Data formats, instruction set of 8088, addressing modes, data movement instructions, arithmetic & logic instructions, program control instructions.

8088 Hardware Specificiations : Pinouts & pin functions, clock generator (8284A), bus buffering & latching, bus timing, minimum mode versus maximum mode.

Interfacing Techniques : Memory interfaces, basic I/O interface, programmable peripheral interface 8255, programmable keyboard/display controller 8279, programmable interval counter 8254, serial interface of 8088, UART 8250, USART 8251, RS232C interface, interrupt structure.

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The Application of Electronics to Energy Conversion & Control, Characteristics of Power Semiconductor Devices, Phase Controlled Rectifier/Inverter Circuits, Step-Down & Step-up Choppers, Two Quadrant Chopper, DC Link Inverter, Single Phase Cycloconverter. Three Phase Cycloconverters. Thyristor controlled VAR controllers. Speed control of DC and AC motors. Computer Based Simulation of Power Circuits using Interactive Circuit Analysis Program Selector (ICAPS).

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Introduction to Integrated Circuits : Advantages and Disadvantages of IC, Historical Perspective, Growth and Economics, Size and complexity, Basic Terminologies. Review of Basic Semiconductor Theory. Review of discrete Circuit elements. Review of Combinational and Sequential Logic.

IC Fabrication Process : Bulk Crystal Growth, Expitaxial Layer growth, Oxidation, Photolithography, Diffusion, Ion implantation, Metalization, Packaging. Mask Generation.

Monolithic Integrated Circuits : Components of Monolithic ICs, Integrated Resistors, Integrated Capacitor, Discrete BJTs, BJTs for Monolithic Integrate Circuits, Monolithic Integrated Circuit Layout, Design Rules, Masking and Selective Etching.

Introduction to MOS Technology : MOS Technology, Basic MOS Transistor, NMOS Enhancement Type Transistor, NMOS Depletion Type Transistor, PMOS Enhancement Type Transistor, PMOS Depletion Type of Transistor, NMOS Fabrication, Fabrication Steps and Masking Process, CMOS Technology, CMOS Fabrication Techniques, p-well process, n-well Process, Twin Tub Process, BiCMOS Technology, Comparison between CMOS and BiCOMOS, BiCMOS Fabrication.

Basic Electrical Properties of MOS and BiCMOS Circuits : Introduction, Transit Time, Drain to Source Current (Ids), Non-saturated Region, Saturated Region, Threshold Voltage (Vt), Transconductance and Output Conductance, Frequency Response w .

Basic Digital Building Blocks using MOS Transistors : Pass Transistor, NMOS Inverter, Pull-up to Pull-down Ratio, Alternative Forms of Pull-up CMOS Inverters, BiCMOS Inverters, Other MOS Gates.

Basic Circuit Concepts : Sheet Resistance, Sheet Resistance Concept Applied to MOS, Area Capacitance, Delay Time, Inverter Delays, Rise-time and Fall-time Calculations.

Ultra-fast VLSI Circuits and Systems : Introduction to GaAs Technology : Ultra-fast Systems, Sub-micron CMOS Technology, GaAs VLSI Technology, GaAs Crystal Structure, Comparison Between Si and GaAs, Comparison between CMOS, BJT and GaAs Technologies, GaAs Metal Semiconductor FET.

Implementation of VLSI Design Techniques using VHDL and /or Verilog HDL

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Transmission lines and Wave guides, Waves on transmission lines, Travelling waves and standing waves. Microwave tubes, KLYSTRON, Magnetron, Travelling wave tubes construction, working characteristics and uses in electronic devices. Radio-wave propagation, Propagation in free space, Tropospheric, Ionospheric propagation, surface wave, Summary of radio-wave propagation, Antennas, Basic principles, Antenna equivalent circuits and characteristics, Radiation field, Polarization, Isotropic radiator, Power gain, Effective area/length of an antenna, Half-wave dipole, Vertical antennas, folded elements loops and ferrite-rod antenna, Yagi-uda array.

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Computer Bus Architecture : Bus architecturs and its effect on computer performance, ISA bus, EISA bus, MCA bus, PCI bus, VESA Local BUS, USB, Backplane bus (IEEE standard), parallel processing.

Revision of Computer Languages for Interfacing: Assembly language, Turbo “C” Visual “C”, Visual Basic.

Data Acquisition : Interfacing the Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog converters with microprocessor. Multi channel ADC’s, applications.

Power Interface : Interfacing of relays, so-lenoids, power transistors, power MOSFETs and thyristors with microprocessor, Optoisolation, Power controls, conduction anlge control.

Microcontrollers : Introduction to 8031 family of Microcontrollers, Hardware Architecture of 8031, Pinouts of 8031, I/O port Structure Memory Organization , Special Functions registers, External RAM and ROM , Interfacing Memory with 8031, Interfacing I/O devices with 8031 Interfacing 7 segment displays, Assembly language of 8031, Boolean Processor of 8031 , working with timers , Programming Serial Port Interrupts in 8031, Interfacing A/D and D/A with 8031+8051+8751+89C51+89C52.

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Discrete-data control system : Difference Equations (using model Digital control system), Transform methods, z - Transforms, Inverse z - Transforms, Solutions of Difference equations, Simulation diagram and signal flow graphs, State variable, Solutions of state equations.

Sample Data system : Starred transform and its properties, Data reconstruction, Pulse transfer function, Open and closed loop discrete time system, Transfer function for closed loop system, State variable for sample data system.

Stability of discrete - data control system, Stability test of discrete - data control system, Jury’s test, Mapping of s-plane into z-plane, Examples of digital control systems (complete case study).

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Objects and Classes : Objects as data types, Constructors and destructors, Objects as Functions arguments, Static Class data, Arrays of Objects and Array and String as Class Members.

Operator Overloading : Overloading Unary and Binary Operators, Multiple Overloading, Data conversion (Using constructor and conversion functions) and Pitfalls of Operator Overloading and Conversion.

Inheritance : Derived Class and Base Class, The Protected Access Specifier, Derived class constructors, Overriding Member Functions, “Abstract” Base Class, Public and Private Inheritance, Level of Inheritance and Multiple inheritance and Containership.

Using pointers : Memory management, Pointers to Objects, A Linked list Example and a Parsing Example.

Virtual Functions : Virtual functions, Late binding, Pure Virtual functions, Friend functions, Static functions, The copy constructor and This pointer.

Streams and Files : Stream classes, Stream Errors, Disk File I/O with Stream, File pointers, Redirections.

Templates and Exceptions : Functions Templates, Class Templates and Exceptions.

Detailed Case study.

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Magnetic Forces and Inductance : Force on moving Charge, Force on a differential Current Element, Force between differential Current Elements, Force and Torque on a closed Circuit, Magnetic boundary conditions, Inductance and Mutual Inductance.

Time Varying Fields and Maxwell’s Equations : Faraday’s Law, Displacement Current, Maxwell’s Equations in Point Form. Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form.

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Amplitude Modulation : Theory & Generation of AM, Frequency Spectrum, Mathematical Representation, Power content, Bandwidth, Demodulation of AM.

Frequency & Phase Modulation : Theory, Mathematical Representation, Frequency Spectrum, Sideband Analysis, Comparison of Wideband FM, Comparison of FM & PM.

Pulse Modulation : Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Time Modulation, Pulse Position Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Code Modulation.

Multiplexing Techniques : Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).

Introduction to Information Theory : Average Information, the Continuous System,the Capacity of Communication Channel, Redundancy, Source & Information, Channel Coding.

TV Transmission & Reception.

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Classification of Signals, Continuous-to-discrete Time Signal Conversion. Impluse Response of Continuous Time Signals & Discrete Time Signals. Fourier Analysis of Continuous-Time Signal. Convolution Theorem, Perseval’s Theorem, Fast Fourier Transform, DSP Chips Classifications. Texas Instrumentation Digital Signal Processor’s Block Diagram, Hardware Interfacing Techniques of DSP. FIR and IIR Filter designing using DSP. Image Processing and other practical applications of DSP. Lab view or MATLAB will be used extensively throughout the course.